Resumen El artículo se propone una relectura de ¿Qué es una nación?, de Ernest Renan (1882), a fin de rescatarlo para el debate contemporáneo. Para ello, propone no supeditar la interpretación de dicho texto a su concreta circunstancia histórica y leer a Renan más allá de la ideología nacionalista. A tal fin, enfoca la dinámica de olvido y memoria en la nación, según Renan, así como las “puestas entre paréntesis” que permitirían abordar metodológicamente “qué es” una nación, en el marco (...) general del humanismo de Renan.Palabras claveRenan, Nación, plebiscito, humanismo, democracia AbstractThis article proposes a re-reading of What is a Nation? by Ernest Renan (1882) in order to rescue it for the contemporary debate. Therefore, instead of submitting the interpretation of this text to its specific historical circumstances, we suggest reading Renan beyond the nationalist ideology. To fulfil our aim, we focus on the dynamics of Forgetting and Memory in the nation, according to Renan, as well as the “put between brackets” that would allow a methodological approach to “what is” a nation, within the general framework of Renan’s humanism.KeywordsRenan, Nation, plebiscite, humanism, democracy. (shrink)

Partiendo de la tensión entre pertenencia cultural y participación intercultural, se intenta pensar la exigencia de que la Nación y la Democracia puedan ser relacionadas desde lo intercultural, recurriendo para ello a la tesis de Ernest Renan sobre la Nación como principio espiritual y plebiscito cotidiano, así como a la defensa radical de la Democracia en el pragmatismo y neopragmatismo, así como, en otra línea, a la separación «terapéutica» entre Democracia y Política propuesta por Jean-Luc Nancy de cara a pensar (...) la «verdad» de la democracia, que se condensa en la primacía del vivir-juntos más allá de la defensa a ultranza de las posibilidades de representar, objetivar y decidir «acabadamente» ese con-vivir.We try to think relations between Nation and Democracy from an intercultural point of view, basing on the tension between cultural belonging and intercultural participation. To this aim, we take Ernest Renan’s thesis on the Nation as spiritual principle and daily plebiscite, as well as the radical defense of Democracy in pragmatism and neo-pragmatism. And, in another line, we take also the «therapeutic» separation between Democracy and Politics proposed by Jean-Luc Nancy in order to think the «truth» of Democracy. This last idea becomes condensed in the primacy of living-together beyond extreme defense of possibilities of representing, objetifying and «finished» deciding this to live-with. (shrink)

The main aim of this article is to reflect on the impact of biases related to artificial intelligence (AI) systems developed to tackle issues arising from the COVID-19 pandemic, with special focus on those developed for triage and risk prediction. A secondary aim is to review assessment tools that have been developed to prevent biases in AI systems. In addition, we provide a conceptual clarification for some terms related to biases in this particular context. We focus mainly on nonracial biases (...) that may be less considered when addressing biases in AI systems in the existing literature. In the manuscript, we found that the existence of bias in AI systems used for COVID-19 can result in algorithmic justice and that the legal frameworks and strategies developed to prevent the apparition of bias have failed to adequately consider social determinants of health. Finally, we make some recommendations on how to include more diverse professional profiles in order to develop AI systems that increase the epistemic diversity needed to tackle AI biases during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. (shrink)

RESUMENLa duración ha sido una de las nociones que ha hecho célebre la filosofía bergsoniana y es, sin duda, su noción central. La encontramos presente ya en el Ensayo referida a la vida psicológica. Más tarde, en La evolución creadora, Bergson la extiende a los seres vivos, a la evolución de las especies y, posteriormente, a todo el universo. Es pues, el tejido mismo de lo real. centrándonos en la duración "psicológica", este trabajo pretende mostrar la concepción bergsoniana del acto (...) libre y la libertad que de ella se desprende. PALABRAS CLAVEDURACION-ACTO LIBRE-TIEMPO FISICO-CONSCIENCIAABSTRACTThe duration has been one of the concepts wich has made Bergson's philosophhy famous and it is undoubtly its key concept. We already find it present in Essai concerning psychological life, and later on, in L'evolution creatrice. Bergson extends it to living beings, to the evolution of the species and still to whole universe. Therefore, it is the very "stuff" of reality. being imposible to deal with this concept under these aspects, in this paper, we will focus on the "psychological" duration, in order to demonstrate that this notion means a conception of the free act and the freedom concerned. KEYWORDSDURATION-FREE ACT-PHYSICAL TIMES-CONCIOUSNESS. (shrink)

El chismorreo puede parecer un comportamiento anecdótico en el contexto de una microsociología de la vida cotidiana. Sin embargo, cuando los medios de comunicación lo convierten en un tema masivo y rentable, cabe pensar que el conocimiento que ofrecen de la vida privada o íntima de los otros tiene r..

RESUMENAunque Bergson no ignoró las tesis de Freud ni el psicoanálisis, sin embargo las divergencias entre los dos pensadores respecto al inconsciente resultan, en gran medida, irreconciliables. El presente trabajo pretende mostrar que sus intereses en este ámbito fueron dispares: mientras Freud se interesó por el funcionamiento de los procesos inconscientes atendiendo a un punto de vista experimental más que especulativo, a Bergson le preocupa su existencia y naturaleza.PALABRAS CLAVEINCONSCIENTE – PSICOLOGÍA – BERGSON – FREUD ABSTRACTAlthough Bergson did not ignore (...) Freud’s theses nor phychoanalysis, their divergencies concerning the unconcious are, to a great extent, irrenconciliable. The present article intentds to demostrate that ther interests were completely different : whereas Freud was interested in the unconcious processes from an experimental rather than a spectualtive point of view, Bergson was concerned with their existence and nature.KEYWORDSUNCONSCIOUS – PSYCHOLOGY – BEGSON – FREUD. (shrink)

RESUMENLos progresos tecnológicos y teóricos alcanzados por las neurociencias en estos últimos veinticinco añis, y sus implicaciones para la filosofía, han renovado las posibilidades de aproximación entre ambas, propiciando el desarrollo de un nuevo ámbito de estudio dentro de la filosofía: la neurofilosofía. El presente trabajo se propone sugerir cómo este campo emergente podría ser concebido como un punto de encuentro para la reflexión conjunta y la interacción entre filosofía y neurociencias, no marcado necesariamente por la absorción de la primera (...) por la segunda.PALABRAS CLAVENEUROFILOSOFÍA, FILOSOFÍA, NEUROCIENCIAS, CIENCIAS COGNITIVASABSTRACTThe technological and theoretical advances in neurosciencies in the past twenty-five years, as well as their implications for philosophy have opened promising perspectives for the renewal of approache between both, thus encouraging the development of a arising field within philosophy: neurophilosophy. The purpose of this paper is to suggest how this new field study could be considered to be a point of union for the joint reflection and interaction between philosophy and neurosciencies, without the first being absorbed by the second.KEYWORDSNEUROPHILOSOPHY, PHILOSOPHY, NEUROSCIENCES, COGNITIVE SCIENCES. (shrink)

Resumen El artículo se propone una relectura de ¿Qué es una nación?, de Ernest Renan (1882), a fin de rescatarlo para el debate contemporáneo. Para ello, propone no supeditar la interpretación de dicho texto a su concreta circunstancia histórica y leer a Renan más allá de la ideología nacionalista. A tal fin, enfoca la dinámica de olvido y memoria en la nación, según Renan, así como las “puestas entre paréntesis” que permitirían abordar metodológicamente “qué es” una nación, en el marco (...) general del humanismo de Renan.Palabras claveRenan, Nación, plebiscito, humanismo, democracia AbstractThis article proposes a re-reading of What is a Nation? by Ernest Renan (1882) in order to rescue it for the contemporary debate. Therefore, instead of submitting the interpretation of this text to its specific historical circumstances, we suggest reading Renan beyond the nationalist ideology. To fulfil our aim, we focus on the dynamics of Forgetting and Memory in the nation, according to Renan, as well as the “put between brackets” that would allow a methodological approach to “what is” a nation, within the general framework of Renan’s humanism.KeywordsRenan, Nation, plebiscite, humanism, democracy. (shrink)

El chismorreo puede parecer un comportamiento anecdótico en el contexto de una microsociología de la vida cotidiana. Sin embargo, cuando los medios de comunicación lo convierten en un tema masivo y rentable, cabe pensar que el conocimiento que ofrecen de la vida privada o íntima de los otros tiene relevancia ética y política en la imagen peculiar y ejemplarizante de la humanidad y de la propia comunidad, así como en las opciones axiológicas, con inevitables repercusiones en el prestigio de la (...) democracia. Para indagar este tema, se parte del estudio sobre la actualidad o inactualidad del pensamiento de Plutarco sobre el fisgoneo. Gossip might appear to be an anecdotal type of behavior in the context of the micro-sociology of everyday life. However, since the media have turned it into a profitable mass topic, it might be reasonable to think that the knowledge it provides about the private life of others is ethically and politically relevant for the peculiar and exemplary image of humanity and of the community itself, as well as for axiological options, thus inevitably affecting the prestige of democracy. In order to explore this issue, the article starts out by examining the currency or lack thereof of Plutarch's thoughts on gossip. (shrink)

El presente artículo muestra en qué medida una atenta lectura de la sección de Ideas II dedicada a la actitud personalista podría con-tribuir eficazmente a deshacer algunas de las críticas dirigidas por el primer Heidegger a Husserl –críticas que calan en el lector inadvertido de Heidegger, desanimando de la lectura de Husserl. Concretamente, en Ideas II se ofrecen pistas para abordar la reflexión desde un cierto distanciamiento crítico, en tanto que desde la actitud personalista no podría entronizarse una reflexión como (...) aquella en que se ejercita el fenomenólogo; y, por otra parte, desmiente que fuese válido el reproche que dirige Heidegger a Husserl en el sentido de que la “lupa fenomenológica” supondría un énfasis analítico y teórico que desvirtuaría una descripción fiel de la proximidad no reflexiva en que vivimos en nuestro mundo circundante cotidiano. Finalmente, se apela al pluralismo de las perspectivas de cara a abordar la complejidad de nuestro circunmundo cotidiano, tomando como referencia el perspectivismo orteguiano.This article shows how much a careful reading of the Ideas II section dedicated to the personalistic attitude could effectively contribute to undo certain criticism directed by the first Heidegger to Husserl–criticism that permeate an inadvertent reader of Heidegger discouraging of Husserl´s reading. Concretely, Ideas II offers clues to approach reflection from a certain critical detachment, insofar as a reflection like one in which phenomenologist exercises could not be enthroned from the personalistic attitude; and, on the other hand, it denies the validity of the reproach directed by Heidegger to Husserl in the sense that the "phenomenological magnifying glass" would suppose an analytical and theoretical emphasis that would distort a faithful description of the non-reflective proximity in which we live in our everyday surrounding world. Finally, we appeal to the pluralism of perspectives in order to address the complexity of our everyday surrounding world, taking as reference the Orteguian perspectivism. (shrink)

From a certain point of view, mass tourism is undeniably part —and an expression— of contemporary acceleration. However, what we defend is that desire for difference —which originally nestles in the dream of traveling, before the appearance of the subject as tourist— responds to a desire for slowdown. In the time of pause and exception of the tourist experience, this desire acts as a generator of a symbolism —or an imagery— that seeks to preserve, protect, restore and promote difference, reality, (...) localness, past, tradition, folklore, nature, the other… beyond the —already insufficient— debate on authenticity. In this way, the importance of rescuing tourism from mere marketing could be shown, as well as to start to think about it from its relevance to humanities and its ethical commitment. (shrink)

Aunque inicialmente la propuesta de A. Schütz resulta esclarecedora y sugerente, sin embargo, al proponer hablar de ámbitos finitos de sentido en lugar de realidades múltiples, se puede encubrir una posibilidad de mala interpretación del proyecto trascendental de la fenomenología. Ello estaría en función de la gran importancia que detenta en Schütz no sólo la actitud natural, sino el mundo de la “realidad práctica”. Me propongo plantear esta problemática a la luz del proyecto husserliano de fenomenología trascendental presentado en Ideen (...) I.Although initially the proposal of A. Schütz is enlightening and suggestive, nevertheless, on having proposed to speak about finite provinces of meaning instead of multiple realities, it is possible to conceal a possibility of bad interpretation of the transcendental project of Phenomenology. It would be depending on the great importance that holds in Schütz not only the natural attitude, but the world of the “practical reality”. I intend to raise this issue in the light of Husserls transcendental phenomenology project presented in Ideen I. (shrink)

The goal of this research is to know and compare the emotions and reactions to confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic in children and adolescents with high abilities and community samples. This is a mixed study with an exploratory reach that is descriptive, and which combines survey and qualitative methodologies to examine the emotions and reactions to confinement experiences of children and adolescents aged between 5 and 14 years. An online poll was designed with 46 questions, grouped into three sections: (...) General Data, Reactions to the health contingencies of COVID-19, and Positive and negative emotions. This last section was included the Oros’ positive emotions questionnaire and the scales of the negative effect of the PANAS Schedule positive and negative affect on children and adolescents between 8 and 14 years old. Data were collected online with a convenience sample. Quantitative data were analyzed with the SPSS statistics program and qualitative data with Alceste software. Among the main findings is the fact that there are no significant differences between the groups by ability in terms of reactions and emotions; however, there are differences between age groups and sex. The study discusses the implications for educational intervention in situations like the current pandemic. (shrink)

Rare neuromuscular diseases are a group of pathologies characterized by a progressive loss of muscular strength, atrophy, fatigue, and other muscle-related symptoms, which affect quality of life levels. The low prevalence, high geographical dispersion and disability of these individuals involve difficulties in accessing health and social care services. Teleassistance is presented as a useful tool to perform psychosocial interventions in these situations. The main aim of this research is to assess the effects of a teleassistance psychosocial program on the QoL (...) levels of people with RNMDs who have different levels of disability. A sample of 73 participants was divided into an experimental group, which participated in the intervention, and a control wait list group. QoL was evaluated through the SIP and the SF-36, and disability through the WHO-DAS II. The participants with a moderate to severe level of disability were those who most benefited from the intervention. The results also revealed that the psychosocial teleassistance program was suitable to improve physical and psychosocial aspects of people suffering from a rare neuromuscular disease with a moderate level of disability, but just psychosocial aspects in those with a severe level of disability. (shrink)

El presente libro, editado de manera conjunta por la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la BUAP y el Instituto de Filosofía de La Habana, reúne algunos de los principales resultados del Proyecto de Investigación Coordenadas epistemológicas para el análisis estético de la cultura y su relación con el consumo, coordinado por el Grupo de Investigación sobre Estética, Cultura y Arte, perteneciente a la institución cubana, con la colaboración de los cuerpos académicos de Estética y Arte y La Estética y (...) Los Medios, ambos asociados a la Maestría en Estética y Arte de la BUAP. Componen el libro tres partes fundamentales. La primera está referida a los problemas epistemológicos y axiológicos que supone la compleja relación actual entre estética, arte y cultura; la segunda centra su atención en el tema del consumo, abordado desde una perspectiva teórico-general y en sus ricos vínculos con la cultura y el arte; la tercera pone en evidencia la movilidad del consumo cultural a través de todo el entramado social, destacando sus nexos con diferentes facetas de la vida social. (shrink)

Desde la certidumbre del sentido necesariamente inacabado, nómada y abierto de sus propuestas, el presente volumen de la Colección La Fuente da cuentas del esfuerzo de un grupo de investigadores del Instituto de Filosofía de La Habana (IF) y de la Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (BUAP) por esbozar, más que respuestas, aquellas interrogantes sociales, culturales y artísticas que, desde constelaciones cambiantes de conceptos y reflexiones estéticas, puedan ser emplazadas en sus respectivas realidades. El presente libro es el tercero de la (...) serie Redes, dedicada a plasmar los principales resultados del trabajo de colaboración del Cuerpo Académico de Estética y Arte de la BUAP con otros grupos de investigación. La coordinación de esta entrega contó con la sapiencia y laboriosidad académica de la doctora Alicia Pino Rodríguez (1954-2017), investigadora del IF, integrante del Consejo de la Colección, coordinadora de su segundo volumen y parte esencial de este, dedicado a su memoria. (shrink)

Risk-taking behaviors in adolescents have traditionally been analyzed from a psychopathological approach, with an excessive emphasis on their potential costs. From evolutionary theory we propose that risk-taking behaviors can be means through which adolescents obtain potential benefits for survival and reproduction. The present study analyses sex differences in three contexts of risk in the evolutionary specific domains and the predictive value of these domains over risk-taking behaviors, separately in female and male adolescents. 749 adolescents valued their risk perception, expected benefits (...) and risk propensity through the Evolutionary Domain-Specific Risk Scale, as well as their engagement in risk-taking behaviors through the Risky Behavior Questionnaire. Male adolescents showed lower risk perception in two evolutionary domains, expected higher benefits in two other domains and showed higher risk propensity in six domains. Female adolescents showed lower risk perception in two domains. Additionally, risk perception, expected benefits and risk propensity in the evolutionary domains predicted the engagement in risk-taking behaviors in male adolescents, whereas in female adolescents only expected benefits and risk propensity showed a predictive effect over risk-taking behaviors. These results suggest the potential role of evolutionary mechanisms on risk-taking behaviors in adolescents. Results have practical implications for interventions programs aimed at reducing risk-taking behaviors. In addition to considering sex differences, intervention programs should consider alternative behaviors through which adolescents can reach their evolutionary goals, and handle the risks related to those behaviors that cannot be replaced but have potential benefits for adolescents. (shrink)

How should we think of perceptual experiences qua dynamic phenomena? Against an increasingly popular Heraclitean approach that frames them as irreducibly dynamic, the present book argues that perceptual experiences may be described in terms of non-dynamic categories, such as properties, relations, and states.

RESUMEN La importancia de Rousseau para el surgimiento del idealismo poskantiano ha sido poco investigada. Oculta en gran medida por la recepción kantiana, la obra del pensador ginebrino parece tener tan solo una importancia accesoria. A partir del análisis interpretativo de las fuentes y su comparación con las principales doctrinas de Rousseau, nuestro trabajo busca mostrar, valiéndonos de las obras de Hölderlin y Hegel de la época de Tubinga y de los años inmediatamente posteriores (1791-1795), que la influencia del pensador (...) ginebrino posee una importancia decisiva para concebir el programa artístico y religioso de los autores estudiados. El análisis nos permitirá comprender que el mencionado autor no representa la figura de un filósofo, menos la de un ilustrado, sino más bien la de un sabio, el portador de una doctrina práctica cuyo principio fundamental se encuentra en la suprema dignidad del hombre y en la idea de libertad entendida como autonomía. ABSTRACT Rousseau's importance for the postkantian idealism has been poorly researched. Hidden by the Kantian interpretation, the work of the Geneva thinker seems to have no relevant influence. Departing from an interpretative analysis of the literary sources and a comparison with the main doctrines, our paper aims to show, using Hölderlin and Hegel's Tubingen and the immediately subsequent works (1791-1795), that Rousseau's influence has a decisive importance to understand the artistic and religious program of our authors. This analysis will allow us to understand that Rousseau is not a philosopher, nor an enlightenment figure, but rather a wise man, the bringer of a practical doctrine whose main principle consisted in supreme human dignity and the idea of freedom interpreted as autonomy. (shrink)

This piece contrasts two ontological views of perceptual experience: on the one hand, Experiential Heracliteanism, a view according to which the intuitively dynamic character of experience should be described – and probably accounted for – in irreducibly dynamic terms; and, on the other, Experiential non‐Heracliteanism, a stance according to which perceptual experience may at least be described – if not explained – in terms of nondynamic constituents. I specially strive (1) to frame both proposals against the backdrop of a venerable (...) Heraclitean metaphor and (2) to highlight the virtues of Experiential non‐Heracliteanism against its currently sexier Heraclitean counterpart. (shrink)

This article explores whether and how the biotechnologization process that the fuel-plant Jatropha curcas is undergoing might strengthen local sustainable development. It focuses on the ongoing efforts of the multi-stakeholder network Gota Verde to harness Jatropha within local small-scale production systems in Yoro, Honduras. It also looks at the genomics research on Jatropha conducted by the Dutch research institute Plant Research International, specifically addressing the ways in which that research can assists local development in Honduras. A territorial approach is applied (...) for analysis employing a three domain concept (local sustainable biotechnological development) of territory, technology and re-territorialization. The article suggests that, although the biotechnologization process (through genomics) of Jatropha within the socio-technical framework of the institute and multi-stakeholder networks is an ongoing process––and different trajectories are, therefore, still open––the process can, nevertheless, strengthen local sustainable development. (shrink)

In this paper l deal with the substantiva! theory of space and time and I examine its consequences with respect to the problem of the differentiation of indiscernible particulars (the so called "problem of individuation"). I distinguish two versions: the "standard" theory and the "substratist" theory. According to the "standard" theory, space and time ( or spacetime) are substances made of points and instants (or point-instants) which hold a contingent relation with the physical substances which occupy those points and instants. (...) According to the "substratist" theory, which may be attributed to D.M. Armstrong, space and time ( or spacetime) are also substances made of points and instants (or point-instants), but those points and instants hold a necessary relation with the physical objects which "occupy" them. This is so because those points (or point-instants) are, as substrata, essential constituents of physical objects, which support and hold together their properties. I argue that in these theories we cannot appeal to the difference in spaciotemporal position in order to ground the numerical diversity of indiscernible particulars and, in this sense, they dont allow us to use space and time as "principies of individuation". (shrink)